When people think of remedies, they too often think only of financial compensation. But that is not the main purpose of reparation. Survivors of human rights violations, like Chilean victims of crimes against humanity, want – and have the right to – truth and justice. Ensuring reparation is not only important for healing individual victims. Truth and justice are also crucial for the healing and reconciliation of societies, especially after a conflict that has torn a country apart. NEKI uses tests to prove discrimination and obtain this direct proof. The group identifies and trains people who are sent as testers to replicate the actions of those who claim to have been discriminated against. Each tester must be a reliable and objective observer and his profile must match as much as possible that of the person being discriminated against. NEKI then uses the evidence gathered to take legal action against the offending company or organization. This and similar civil actions are brought under the Protection of Victims of Torture Act (TVPA, 1991) and the Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA, 1789). The ATCA gives U.S.
federal courts jurisdiction to hear claims on behalf of aliens for “tortious acts that violate the laws of nations or treaties of the United States.” Since 1980, U.S. courts have recognized that serious human rights violations such as torture violate “international law” and that, therefore, claims for such violations can be filed under this law. The TVPA gives plaintiffs with U.S. citizens the right to assert claims against individuals acting under the “real or apparent authority or color of law of a foreign country” for torture and extrajudicial executions. Under both laws, the offender must be physically present in the United States for the court to have jurisdiction. The most recent lawsuit brought by the CJA was in a civil court, not a criminal court, because in the United States, only the Department of Justice (DOJ) has the authority to prosecute. U.S. law, which gives U.S. courts jurisdiction over torture sentences wherever they are imposed, did not enter into force until November 1994. The Ministry of Justice can therefore only prosecute crimes committed after November 1994.
The Center for Justice and Accountability (CJA) assists torture victims by using U.S. federal law to file complaints against their torturers, regardless of the country in which the torture took place. This tactic shows that reparations can be sought against torturers. By creating and enforcing such laws, governments demonstrate their commitment to justice for victims and to denouncing those guilty of crimes against humanity. Victims sometimes face insurmountable obstacles in obtaining redress. Due to a legal formality, Senator Pinochet can only be prosecuted for acts committed after 1988. However, this does not change the fact that an important principle for victims has been reaffirmed: despite the very real practical difficulties in obtaining reparation, former heads of State responsible for crimes against humanity are not above the law. Today`s decision by the House of Lords therefore resonates not only with the victims of Pinochet`s Chile, but also with all victims of crimes against humanity and other human rights violations around the world. When abuses are hidden or accepted by members of society, it can be difficult for victims to prove that a human rights violation has occurred. A group in Hungary is using a testing method to prove discrimination and take legal action on behalf of victims.
Redress means the establishment of a remedy, remedy or remedy, or a means of remedying or remedying the situation. This may include redressing an injustice through compensation or compensation for the harm suffered; repair or repair of damage or injury; Equitable compensation or redress. Empowerment is an important part of this close link between responsibility and reparation. It is significant not only that the Spanish, French, Swiss and Belgian judicial authorities have opened investigations against Senator Pinochet, but also that it is the survivors – mainly relatives of the disappeared and murdered – who initiated these judicial proceedings and continue to play their full role as parties as cases continue. The right of appeal refers to the right to a remedy or remedy. The use of litigation as a source of redress for torture victims increased significantly in the late 1990s and is therefore a relatively new tactic. This tactic has proven effective in prosecuting torturers and convicting them of human rights violations. He also succeeded in gaining public recognition of the injustice committed. However, the enforcement of the damages awarded was difficult and unsuccessful because either the author did not have enough money to cover the amount awarded, or that money was in overseas accounts and therefore could not be seized by the United States courts. The CJA also sought the authors` deportation as a remedy for its clients. The Human Rights and Administrative Justice Commission in Ghana is seeking the support of respected community leaders – chief mothers and queen mothers – to address the problem of Trokosi, a system in which women and girls are held in fetish shrines without their consent. Families give their daughters to shrines to atone for the sins or crimes of a family member, thus ending or reversing a family`s misfortune.
As an alternative to the criminal justice system, the Centre for Victims of Torture (CVICT) in Nepal has launched a community mediation process. This process prevents some people from being arrested unnecessarily and taken to police stations, where 60 per cent of detainees are tortured to confess. CVICT studied the types of conflicts that have arisen and then developed a training course for community leaders, including women and Dalits (the untouchable caste), on how to resolve disputes using a rights-based community mediation method. Community mediation would be available for disputes other than violent crime and for all, regardless of age, gender, class or caste. To recruit trainers, CVICT organized mass meetings in each community and requested nominations. The trainers were then trained in human rights, local laws and dispute handling methods. Many of those already involved in dispute resolution were able to draw on their existing expertise. These trainers then trained others at the local level. The Women and Memory Forum (WMF) in Egypt launched the Women`s Stories project to enable women to rewrite traditional stories from their own perspective, give women the opportunity to question traditional texts, redefine their role in society, and develop their writing skills by rewriting these stories to show an egalitarian or women-centered perspective. Statement by Fiona Mckay at a press conference following the House of Lords` decision on Pinochet on 24 March 1999: The streets of Yekaterinburg have long been plagued by numerous unrepaired pits and potholes. Despite the efforts of URA.RU, a local news site, the problem persists. Local politicians cared more about their public image than improving roads, so no one really had an interest in finding a solution.
Max Baucus as Max S. Baucus U.S. Senator from Montana Incumbent`s inauguration on December 15, 1978 Service to Jo. The tactics of Wikipedia ICAR are part of a strategy to convince the government to take responsibility for the country`s past in order to build a better future. Many torturers from communist Romania escaped with impunity, and some now hold influential positions in society. Victims face a society in which important forces prefer to forget the past – and its victims – rather than learn from that past in order to build a deeper civic engagement for democracy and human rights. In the summer of 2002, a Florida jury awarded $54.6 million to three Salvadoran survivors tortured by Salvadoran security forces between 1979 and 1983. These three individuals prosecuted the generals who commanded the soldiers they tortured and applied the doctrine of command responsibility, according to which a foreign commander is held accountable for the actions of his troops. The doctrine of superior responsibility was last applied in the Tokyo trials after World War II. The Khulumani Support Group organizes South African apartheid survivors with a collective voice to better support and advocate for reparations. The Child Budget Unit (CBU) of the Institute for Democracy in South Africa (IDASA) uses national and provincial budgets to monitor and make recommendations on whether the government is meeting its obligations to protect children`s rights. The implementation of this tactic on a global scale is problematic because it requires national or international laws that grant jurisdiction, as well as governments and organizations willing to prosecute the perpetrators.
While some countries have laws that facilitate this type of law enforcement, others do not. While other countries have brought charges against military officials, in some countries the process of these cases has been complicated by intimidation and the killing of witnesses. Street artists from URA.RU in Yekaterinburg, Russia, decorated potholes with the faces of local politicians to get them to solve serious road quality problems.